Political System Reform - Analysis of Power in the

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Political System Reform - Analysis of the Power and the status of political science

Study: Analysis of Li in his discussion of the significance of power, I would like to talk about the current field of political science research in the state, because the power of thinking, in a very in degree caused by this issue. I deeply feel that China's current political science research methods in that there are serious flaws, and the power to correct this deficiency in terms of great significance. then we exist in what research methods flawed? general, research in the social sciences or in the social and political issues of observation, there are two basic methods, one is the Practice The so-called Therefore, The two methods in the study could have been complementary, but this must be complementary to Our shortcomings in the research work is one-sided emphasis on a long time in our theoretical study, full of People of a certain aspect, the first With a desire, and then proceed to deduce certain principles to how to how to achieve the aspirations set of conclusions, and thinking that it would achieve the objective of the study, regardless of the fact situation. But the reality is often the case in accordance with Faced with this contradiction, ought to proceed from the only two options: one is the conclusion of how to become empty talk, the surface can be described as convincing, but it does not work on practical problems; one is to solve problems, and how to cast aside whatever the conclusions. Obviously, these two approaches can not solve the This has greatly tarnished the reputation of the theory. I do not want to analyze why people here into the reasons for this dogmatic methods, I think, probably due to a complex, multifaceted, and analysis of these is not my task in this article. Ask questions in here as long as it. In short, this approach is characterized by or from the Marxist classical writers used the works of several principles, to inference and interpretation to draw some conclusions on an issue that should be how to; or from certain Western moved a few theories in principle, to reasoning and interpretation draw some conclusions, pointing out how how, and so on. For example, research on the issue of democracy is the case. People from there moved Marxist classical writers on democratic principles and the class nature of socialism over capitalism on the principles of socialist democracy is superior to infer the conclusions of bourgeois democracy. Since China is a socialist country, democracy is practiced in China is better than bourgeois democracy, the highest type of democracy. Because the nature of the socialist countries in the majority of people come out of the concept of minority rule, which the people are the masters of the country, so you can further infer that people are the masters of socialist democracy is the conclusion. Therefore, all power should belong to the people, the people should be the highest representative body of authority. Therefore, leaders at all levels should be the servant of the people. In order to make the people exercise their rights, socialist democracy should be institutionalized and legalized; to a variety of political participation should be established system and supervision system; leading cadres should establish a democratic style. In order to improve the level of the people as masters, they should improve the people's cultural level and political consciousness, and so on. How how all these sounds are good,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but also to varying degrees, reflect a degree of regularity. But how to achieve these They are also out in Western Political Thought from a number of principles to infer how a series of how, and for the development of Western democracy, what are the factors driving the development of this historic process and cause the development of democracy in Western countries today the status quo, Thus, both for Western democracy or socialist democracy, order to promote and anticipate the social field and the actual development of the political field, I think that should be promoted and emphasized that This approach requires: 1. We must first understand the problem to be various aspects of the reality of what is in the end; 2. Of what this reality is the result of the situation? The main factors causing this situation what? In the course of the current situation caused by each factor in how the status and role? How these factors interact with each other constraints, the interaction? The process of interaction like? 3. Is to study further how these factors produce? They produce a variety of specific conditions and background? 4. In practice, the further development, these factors and their relationship will change? How people can and should affect the status of these factors and their mutual relations between the state, and through this influence people to achieve certain goals? 5. In the above analysis, based on a comprehensive, summarizes some of the theoretical results, revealing some rules to. such a research method is clearly and But it is not sake of discussion. It not only requires theoretical guidance, but also the need to control and use of various theories superb ability to generalize through research and theory to some real. This research is to absorb the the The question looks easy, do it, it is very difficult. Not only does it have a high theoretical level and insight, but also great courage. Although the reality of life in which everyone, so everyone can see and feel, felt, but the reality of things people have never observed the impact of tools will be observed, while the back is another observation tool Some theoretical support for it. This is especially true in the social sciences. Therefore, if there is no definite theory as analytical framework, in order to truthfully, accurately described the reality is impossible. On the other hand, the description of reality is often a de facto but also may violate the concept of people, especially the interests behind this concept, and thus bring about political risk. This will require considerable courage. Can be seen from the above two areas, in order to faithfully describe the real situation is not an easy task. With this step, we have for the Further analysis of various factors and these factors may influence the development, will be more easy. So, truthfully, accurately describe the reality but one of the most important task, especially when we reveal the reality of operating mechanism, even more so. In order to do this well, the key is to have an appropriate analytical framework. The framework of the macro-level theory is Marxist classical writers already ready for us, this is dialectical materialism. Its most basic, the core idea is that everything in the world are interrelated and mutually influence and mutual restriction and interaction among the continually move forward. The process of development experience with the change from quantity to quality change, and follow the spiral twists and turns along the route. The trajectory of this development is the interaction force by the forces shown. This development is driven by internal contradictions of things the opposition and unity. This is what we were However, the theory directly with the macro-analysis of various concrete reality of things is not enough, because it is too abstract. As too abstract, in the analysis of specific issues, there will be different from each other's personal understanding, which often results into a one-sided and wrong understanding. Such a long time, the law of the unity of opposites in philosophy directly for analysis of specific things, the philosophical contradictions and inconsistencies in the unity of the struggle simply equated with the specific things in real life struggle and unity. So things will be one-sided emphasis on the struggle of, set around an artificial antithesis of the so-called dichotomy to deal with all complex things. The result will cause long-term division and antagonism between people of the devastating social development role. In particular, the so-called dichotomy, has become a thinking set, the harm is very far-reaching. It makes people think everything ends when the only attention, while ignoring the more complex and more meaningful middle ground and the intermediate links. Looking back on our many years in the field of political and ideological errors that occurred, in large part due to the abuse of the concept of the unity of opposites. This indicates that the macroscopic theory used directly for analysis of specific things is not feasible. So we can say that the development of Marxism in the world revealed by the macroscopic theory is completely correct, but it lacks a meso and micro level has general significance for the general analysis of specific analysis tools and the things corresponding theoretical framework. This requires searching for the concept in the analysis of this request, and on this basis, the formation of a, the micro-level theoretical framework. find a suitable conceptual tools, is a very serious work, it must meet the necessary conditions: it must embody the spirit of the Marxist theory of the macro, but also must be able to accurately reflect the things in the medium micro existing condition. The spirit of the Marxist theory of the macro has been, as aforementioned, is a recognition that things are in mutual contact, mutual influence, interaction and mutual restraint among the continuous advancement. And things are, the microscopic state of existence, first thing in the performance of certain conditions for the formation of not only each other under conditions of interdependence, because of differences in interests and will of the status of the role of each other; the second is the performance of each other for something the role of diversity in form and direction of uncertainty; third is the performance of the parties to the status of things on the interaction of the imbalance. This means that the concept we are looking for tools must meet the above requirements. I believe that the further development of contemporary social science has provided us with a suitable concept, the concept is the past, we understand the concept of power was relatively narrow, that only refers to the state government and its derivatives. But the contemporary social science research has the meaning of this concept has greatly expanded, and has formed a consensus. That is the power of influence as a broad look at. So that, in general the power can be defined as: according to their own purposes the ability to influence the behavior of others. This means that power is a force, relying on this power can cause a particular situation or outcome, that is to make other people's actions are consistent in their purpose. This gives the concept to a wide range of adaptability and great flexibility, so it will be the introduction of political science, economics, sociology, psychology, military science, international relations, a variety of other social science fields, as things that people interact in the field of universal tools. In the field of political science the concept of using power to it should be translated into concrete political power, to distinguish it from other areas of power. Therefore, we can be defined as political power: political power is a political body to rely on some political coercive power to achieve some sort of interest or principle embodied in the actual political process out of the constraints on the ability of some political object. This definition contains some elements of political power is as follows: first, the main power; second purpose (ie, benefits); Third, coercive power (also including non-coercive power of the borrower); Fourth, the role of the object power (that is, objects of power); Fifth, the power of the main object of a role for the direction and method; sixth, the power structure; seventh, the stability of power relations. Thus, political power is reflected in the political body (groups or individuals) between the effects of interaction, the situation of mutual restraint, and emphasizes the impact, role and direction of the constraints , imbalance and actual results. As long as we do not the political body as an isolated and static, then in their mutual relations, the phenomenon of power is bound to run through. Therefore, the concept of political power with the tools to research and analysis of political phenomenon, is consistent with macroeconomic theory in the spirit of Marxism, but also accurately reflect the basic state of things there. Therefore, not only should not exclude the Marxist concept of political power, but it should come as their own in the absorption, the basic micro-level analysis tools, and in order to create a new politics of Marxist system, which embodies the However, Thus, we have the but in order to I think that the basic theoretical framework of this should at least include the following aspects: first, the subject of political power; second act of political power; Third, political power relations; fourth operating mechanism of political power. involved in political power is the main energy source of the problem of political power. Political power in the political process is able to act on the others because it has a certain energy. This energy is the dynamic nature of the power of the main structure through its transformation. Therefore, research should be subject to the characteristics and structure of the relationship between structure and function, and the specific situation of the main political power. involved in acts of political power is the power to act on the object and the main object of the reaction of the subject. It is necessary to study the conditions of political behavior and processes, the study of political behavior and political psychology was to study the political behavior. political power relations involved in the political body is a political act as an intermediary between the formation of a specific pattern. Of this pattern reflected the objective reality, and the formation of the actual conditions, then studied the pattern of political relations, etc., to enable us to further understand the political power of the movement and its role in the political process. operating mechanism of political power is political power to study the overall operation of law, including the principle of operation of political power, political power, the formation mechanism of the energy, structure and function of the mechanism of transformation, operational mechanism of political behavior , so that our understanding of political power to achieve a deeper level. the top of the contents of these aspects together constitute the political power of the theoretical framework to the And may the study of China's political formation of the new system have a direct impact. as a new understanding of the tool that should enable us to recognize the original understanding of the things, like microscopes and telescopes that. for example on the issue of democracy, if we point to observe the phenomenon of power, we will see that democracy is run mainly as a bottom-up power. It is the political management system in a management position by the majority of people in management positions for a few constraints. This constraint generally manifested in two aspects: First, decide what the community people to act as managers, which is realized in the form of election and authority; the second is to influence government decision-making and policy implementation, which is the use of political rights for people other than taking the form of election implementation. As shown below: (with photo) this we can see: democracy is the political management system of government that is premised on the existence of democracy as a bottom- And the power is the power in the political management within the framework of operation, so it is subordinate to the political management. Independent of political management is no democracy outside. But for political management, there are no such constraints bottom-up power is quite different. No such constraint is the authoritarian nature of the political management of political management and political management of such constraints is the democratic political management. We usually say of democracy, that democracy is the political management of a component. In this sense we can say that democracy is essentially a special form of political management. Therefore, the measured level of development of a democratic system, mainly by the administrators most people is to see a few constraints on the manager situation. Namely: restricting the number of ways and means; the effectiveness of ways and means; people conscious of this constraint requires the degree and intensity; national legal and institutional constraints on such a level of protection; in the process of the power constraints channels running smooth degree; community to provide free, quality equal rights, and social and political culture on the adaptation of such constraints, and so on. Only with these standards in order to truly see the real extent of democratic development. of democracy, we, first of all is to understand our present situation is how practical constraints? If this constraint is still quite underdeveloped, then the main factors causing this underdevelopment What? How do they work? These impediments and how is it? Their conditions of existence and how to play a role? They follow changes in the law of what? Second, we must study the various forces as the main constraints to grow up? Their growth and what kind of socio-economic, cultural and political conditions? People how to create and promote the formation of these conditions? These constraints force to study again, grow up, how to enter the political process, that is, to realize the people in the political constraints of the Government? How to restrict the development of all aspects of creating the conditions? The process of restricting the people and the government should follow the rules in the end what? How to create these rules? Wait, wait. political power is the use of these methods of analysis of democracy in Research on other political phenomenon, should do so.