China's rural political situation and development

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China's rural political situation and development trend

Of: Yu Jianrong Abstract: This paper argues that, at this stage of politics in rural China the basic situation is: the pattern of state-led rural society there is no fundamental change, the township government to the rural society of political, economic and cultural development plays a decisive The role of the rural social order at a relatively steady state; village governance system in the structural transformation among the rural village self-government is changing the nature and operation of the path of political, democracy-building in rural areas made some progress; farmers awareness is strengthening public participation , and forms the subject of public participation in diversified, new public areas and rural public power organizations are formed. And how to solve the inefficient management of township government and social mobilization has declined, the village governance structure of powers in the boundary is unclear, tensions between cadres and masses in rural areas and farmers and illegal non-institutional participation in a range of issues, will determine the direction of political development in rural areas . Keywords: rural political structure of rural public participation in village governance system a long time, China's rural areas, agriculture and rural issues, more focus on the economic and cultural aspects of the study, of rural political issues, especially those of the political participation of farmers, In fact, the political situation in rural areas not only determine the country's political stability and the historical process of modernization, but also restricts the Because development Can even say that if the political vision to leave the rural areas, any reform of the rural economy and cultural development programs are not really effective implementation and lead to failure. This paper will present the Chinese political situation and development trend of rural research. The study designed by the household contract responsibility system in rural China after the composition and organization of public power operation and public participation with the farmers to inspect the interrelationship between, trying to understand the perspective of social transformation in the rural market, the political process the law of development. A pattern of state-dominated rural society there is no fundamental change to the basic features of state power on behalf of the township government holds most power resources of rural society, rural society, political, economic and cultural development play a decisive role, the rural social order at a relatively steady state. But there are township cadres misconduct, inefficient management of township government and social mobilization has declined and so on. The beginning of the 20th century, the general trend of Chinese society from a traditional society to modern society in transition. Modern world history, logic suggests that a post like China for the development of the nation-state, modernization is closely linked to rural mobilization. Only the rural society into the system of the country realize the organic integration of the whole society in order to obtain economic and political modernization of the State resources. In fact, this logic has guided the history of modern Chinese design. Whether the late Qing rural reform, rural development or KMT period; whether the new China collectivization movement, or the New Villagers to the historical situation and its overall objectives, for both the nation-state trying to rural society into the process of national modernization into a unified effort. In other words, Chinese society can not be complete without the Western society as a rural society to industrial society natural transition, but in taking a This requires political development to promote social development, Its manifestations is the national power system in the rural community can be established. State administrative system from the sink during the Republic to the township level, the countries in the rural society is directly represented in the township government. Commune period, implemented a highly centralized system of government social unity, the impact of national administrative power or even replace the traditional means of social control, the state and by rural cadres to rule on the social and economic life and realized? ┐ runoff crest  Wei Buddhists Ba Lu  Xuanmengmudao significantly less fatigue   She kang  Adams  Yenazixiu  spring water chestnut Γ  Park carbuncle  old Xianpingdaoshun  support ┐ runoff Zizhangrenmeng screen  P Lvbishixie  ┐ Ning Zheng  mother Sc Benyongnakan Gantuokangbian  a drying  Qianyunsibian  Jianlupinmu Xi ǎ  Baxitunshao quail fertile enemy weakness ape   E skid    Torr evil  fatigue  Shou-Chih Chen surname  enemy Qi 4]. The political community is divided into post-production of the transaction management, have highlighted a The In this system, the This is mainly reflected in: (1) repeal the people's commune system, the basic attributes of state power through the new a complete party, the NPC, CPPCC and other government and political organizations. These organizations were from the party, legislative, administrative and united front to strengthen the state power and other systems to ensure that state power from central to local unity. (2) of the township government with a large number of national staff, especially with the implementation of the civil service system in the township, a large number of educated and understand the law of outstanding intellectuals, cadres added to the township, township cadres, the overall quality has been greatly the improvement of township government in all their positions to ensure the implementation of national laws and policies. (3) establish a rural financial system in general, the township government has a certain amount of financial autonomy to enhance the township government in the economic, cultural and community development areas such as political capacity. (4) the development of township enterprises has increased the township government's influence on the economy. Especially those directly managed by the township government, township enterprises have the resources nature, largely as a rural power tools integrate various social resources. However, the current (1) institutional conflict. Township government institutions exist, such as unified leadership of party committees and integrated operation of the separate status and objectives of the reform party and the township is responsible for the conflict between the system; township people's congress of the statutory powers to some extent by the virtual set; government departments fragmentation administrative functions of township government are mutilated, incomplete government functions and powers and other issues. (2) personnel Yong plug, township financial liabilities serious. Township Government and our country to eat, Yong Cypriot government personnel of township is bound to increase the township fiscal burden. According to the national burden of monitoring the 81 county survey of farmers, the average amount of 10.986 million yuan of debt, the average net debt to 7.082 million yuan. Township fiscal brink of bankruptcy. [5] (3) in a lower overall quality of cadres and lack of incentives, poor job performance and the low level of institutionalization, which has obvious short-term behavior and rent-seeking nature, corruption is more serious. Especially in some areas to ease the financial burden of rural or township cadres own profit, taking a variety of names to increase the burden on peasants, and in competing with private anomie take many illegal acts, causing tensions between cadres and township government in the rural profitability and maintaining rural stability and the dilemma of being. Order to solve the problems of township system of government at all levels has been engaged in active exploration. There are two different kinds of reform: (1) strengthen the rural system. Advocates that the state should continue to strengthen the leading role in rural society, vigorously strengthen rural institution-building, including government agencies in regulating the townships of the relationship between the same time, a variety of approaches to improve the quality of rural cadres and efforts to make its behavior system of, in particular, to county government to decentralization and delegation of various departments in the township under the body to change the current rural situation of institutional fragmentation and to improve the efficiency of township government [6]. Some researchers believe that to strengthen the township system, social system must also reach into the village off the assembly line [7], will extend to villages governmental organizations, the the administrative function of the village-level organizations to expand or institutionalized at the village level implementation of the Chief of the system, the implementation of the villagers in the village in an autonomous system. (2) weaken the township system. Hold this view argue that the construction of township government should follow the transition of rural China since the historical logic of political development, namely, cultural change, the country's executive power will gradually withdraw from the political field of rural, rural community will finalize the transition from status to contract, from a family of traditional authoritarian society to a modern democratic society, transformation of the individual The policy idea is merging townships and towns, the state's basic administrative functions to ensure, while sinking, the progressive realization of national administrative power system on the move, to rural community autonomy. In fact, in recent years, more developed in some areas of the market economy, to adjust the scale of the introduction of town, in some places 1 / 3 of the township was merge, and achieved some success [10]. There is no doubt that it is impossible to give up the modern state should not give up control of rural society. Because, if there is no national mandatory, the traditional agriculture to modern agriculture is impossible. And more importantly, there is no rural development, national stability and development are the lack of foundation. The only problem is, in the market process, should establish what kind of management, to achieve the goal of modernization of rural society. In reality, rural politics, rural power system often exhibit strong inertia of self-aggrandizement. It is led by the Chief dominate the system of checks and balances and the lack of binding characteristics of the decision, the most fundamental reason is that the interests of drivers. The basic rural society from the current situation, the state control of rural society is not entirely dependent on the administrative ability to In other words, the state should adopt a legal way, the country's interests in rural society and the state of the main objectives of social development in rural areas, through the mandatory law is expected to be finalized. In this For a variety of taxes, such as family planning and land management, national goals, then rely on legal means to carry out functions of the legal control; for the management of the rural economy, according to the market, the process should be from the direct management of the transition to the use of non-administrative means macroeconomic adjustment. As for the rural communities of the transaction should be authorized by the State under the authority of law, to achieve a wide range of autonomy, the implementation of village self-government at the village level, the implementation of community self-government at the township level. Second structural transformation in village-level governance system among the villagers self-government is changing the nature and operation of rural political path of democracy to a certain extent in rural development. However, due to a variety of other deep-seated ill-defined powers of the conflict, the political system construction in rural areas lag behind the actual needs, greatly affect the performance of village self-government institutions and development. Present system of village governance in China is to achieve a village self-government as the core content of the structural transformation. This shift is the historical process of economic reform in rural areas linked. If in 1980 the household contract responsibility system was introduced, in fact, adhering to collective ownership of land through land management on the basis of reform, changing the farmers and the relationship between the collective economic organizations; then, from 1984 began the second step of rural reform, reform of agricultural products through the purchase and sale system for the contract, cancellation of live pigs, eggs sent purchase, the implementation of market price, then change the relationship between the state and peasants. Since then, the market has become the allocation of social resources in rural areas one of the main forms. Rural society to a certain extent the market the most direct and most important social consequences, is to promote social mobility increases, and to the hierarchical structure of China's rural social change, that is, the economic gap between farmers occupational differentiation and expansion, thus changing the original rigid urban-rural dual structure, and on this basis, the formation of a new interest. However, this caused the market orientation of social differentiation, but also by the constraints of collective land ownership and influence. It is in this diversity and the impact of institutional constraints, decisions and forms the current differentiation of the main interests of rural society and the complex relationships between subjects, in particular the interests of all the main access to the means and methods. Specifically, on the one hand, the impact of market orientation and land ownership constraints, the formation of the different stakeholders of rural society and the complex interests; the other hand, differentiation of the main interests of the community, especially the great divide, the collapse of non-democratic Chinese society, non-legal social foundation However, the integration, countries need to enter a new rural society and political system of rules, this is the gradual establishment of village self-government system. Villagers in rural areas based on people's autonomy, that is, according to the villagers by the villagers for self-government organizations interested in the village and villagers affairs. The aim is to make the majority of rural residents within the village self-management, self-education and self-service, to deal effectively with the interests of the villagers are closely related to the village public affairs, will implement the most basic level of socialist democracy, ensure that the State rural grassroots community effective governance [13]. The process of institutional formation and development, divided into two stages. The first stage is from 1982 to 1988, around the country abolished the people's commune system of government social unity, the following established village in the township. Although there is no implementation of the democratic election of village cadres, but began construction of village organization norms, village-level cadres are also streamlined. The second phase after 1988, with the At this stage, mainly carried out democratic elections, and village affairs, establishment of systems such as autonomous activities, and in the country established a number of demonstration counties. To date, all?  ǔ  ㄍ搴 ┗  through the old Tan Luan Guo Xin Shun Wu gap stays the international disaster enemy Lu Weng felt exhausted  ⑵ 褰 couch  Liu Xing Ji winding downtown  Zi Mountain 【TRINITY  Can? More than village members, 380,000 village committee cadres directly elected by the villagers. Also carried out to varying degrees around the Democracy-building in rural areas made some progress. However, in practice, common Villagers deep institutional conflicts: (1) rural grassroots party organizations and village committees on power relations in the conflict. Rural grassroots party organizations as the countries to achieve social integration of rural integrated tools, in a formal organization in the village core of leadership position. Villagers can be organized as a village committee, is authorized by state law based on democratic elections of all the village-based, does not have the legal obligation to obey the village party organizations. Source of power and authority between the two different objective existence to the countryside will inevitably affect the politics of unity. In order to resolve these conflicts, in some places in the township party and government support, the use of controlled elections, instead of meeting with the village Party branch meetings to exercise the powers of party organizations such as the so-called alternative to the village committee and the integration of centralized leadership to control the operation of farmers autonomous organization. The result is to change the democratic nature of village autonomy. (2) national administrative power and autonomy of villagers in the conflict between the powers. National legislation from the point of view, the villagers rejected the autonomy of state power when the commune system and rural organizations, especially the township government and administrative relationship between the village committee, the past relationship between the kind of leadership and the led turned into the state power of grassroots self-government organizations the mentoring relationship. The relationship between changes in performance in the most important, the village committee chairman, vice chairmen and members elected directly by villagers; rural basis of the authority authorized by the superior authority to change into the villagers. This change will inevitably affect the state administrative authority and jurisdiction of the village's behavior problems, but also bound to affect the authority of township governments. Township government in order to maintain their own governance capacity, on the one hand by strengthening the leadership of village Party organizations, and village-level party organizations to control through the establishment of village self-government organizations; the other is the implementation of Villagers organization's mandate. (3) the autonomy of villagers and farmers of the conflict between operational autonomy. Under the Therefore, it was the habit of thinking in accordance with people's commune period, the village committee as a collective economic organization. Some places on the development of collective economy by the name of the village committee of the expanded functions and continue to strengthen the economic function of the village committee, so that the direction of the economic organizations and peasants in order to deprive operational autonomy. These problems, in fact, the village is about state power and autonomy, individual rights, community organization and villagers in the border issue. Political organization theory, fuzzy boundaries of any power, which means that the rights and obligations of uncertainty. This is not the organization will produce economic and unpredictability of individual rights. Non-economic organizations, including not only its operating costs, but also the opportunity cost increases, particularly due to the cost of generating unnecessary functions. In a sense, this cost is due to its unlimited expansion of the functions of their input costs is obviously a result of inadequate or excessive and goals there is no inherent need to contact a loss. To overcome this economy, it must be reasonably effective and the power of village-level organizations to determine the boundary, a clear scope of its functions. Present the most realistic option should be: (1) the real implementation of the autonomy of village self-government organizations to establish the true sense of the power of contractual relations. Villagers in the family contract responsibility system as the country, the implementation of a rural political arrangements, top-down authority in China within the system generated this kind of is very limited. Village-level organizations, especially organizations on the nature, structure and terms of these aspects are not the result of the villagers to choose, and can only be formed under the authority of state laws and institutional arrangements. In other words, nationalism, authority-oriented, the requirements of the majority of villagers in the Р held by Mi Kang  Mulanjipianpang Huaiquejiaogui  ⒉ Huaibixuedao Shipaominao level ê G R  through  veranda ┪ Shi Guo Shuo   Tongguikexia μ upheld  ㄖ forced ㄍ  Lu sodium jump quarter  mark   Zeng gadfly crazy  ⒋ http  stunned key scull  pain Wu Dazaiwulu  mad  mountain elf   Shanxianxiangque angry  Wal elf Dan  ⒋ Jigumianhui Yubimengnao poor However, the source died   speech kang  Wu Wu Lu  A pair of stays ǖ disaster master bath trick #?) limit the economic function of organized village self-government, economic cooperation through the establishment of an independent organization, organized for the farmers to provide sexual services to the market [14]. Villagers resolve the internal order of the village and between villages and the order of the state system, and does not solve the villagers can not solve with the community, especially the relationship between villagers and the market. Order within the village that is necessary for the structure of community organizations, the environment is the basis for the existence and development of community-based, is the political significance of the order, and justice is about and control related issues; market order in a matter of economics The order is the market to achieve the transaction which the relationship between ethics and credibility. Development of market economy, in a sense, confirmed the existence of the society outside the country. However, in the context of market economy, rural communities and is a complete sense of community, the villagers into the community requires a lot of the middle of the channel. Village governance system is not able to provide market and unnecessary for the villagers of the organization, the fundamental way out is through institutional innovations to meet the agricultural needs of market-oriented organization. From the current socio-political situation in rural China and a variety of organizational resources point of view, the most realistic and effective market-oriented organization, is based on the principal of equality, through the deed? Envy Tim Cutter Wood contempt poured  ⒌ Xin Na ɡ  ostrich back charm Ang Xia lead coffin in grave thereupon winding stony soil along small-minded  frequency spectrum screen mane Song Xian Lu Ni baking 15]. Three awareness of the farmers is to strengthen public participation, public participation and forms the main body of diversified, new public areas and rural public power organizations are formed. However, the farmers of non-institutional participation, participation in illegal participation and clan of the increase to a certain extent, affect the operation of the rural political power and social stability. Public participation is the political behavior of the public through their own influence and change the political course of events [16]. In traditional rural society, the family is the basic political unit of the legal, the majority of farmers as the imperial power under the act outside of or on behalf of, individuals in community affairs do not have independent political status. Republic of China, although the farmers mandatory obligations. After New China was founded, in the collectivization era of law, Only in the household contract responsibility system and the In fact, in countries vigorously promote the process of villager autonomy, especially in recent years for the fourth and fifth village elections, each election the country has six hundred million, accounting for 90% of the total number of farmers in the village democratic elections, showing unprecedented enthusiasm for political participation. Villagers do a good job in some areas, villagers have in fact enjoyed the management of village affairs. When the vote and the management rights and other legitimate rights and interests are violated, there are some farmers have been able to take up legal arms, and cadres at all levels of government organizations or the court. Some farmers in particular through the organization of or participation in the new Economic Cooperation Organization, in the countryside to form a new public sphere and the public powers. These all show that our concept of democracy and the rights of farmers continue to strengthen the awareness of protecting the peasants of the public participation has reached a new stage of development. However, public participation of the farmers there are still many urgent problems: (1) differentiation of the main public participation, the formation of a new politics According to the survey, currently conducted in many places although the formal democratic elections, did not establish appropriate democratic management system, management of village affairs was in fact about 11% of the managers and privileged to grasp, most of the villagers in the rural political power edge. (2) a large number of farmers involved in the existence of non-institutional collective action against the increasing incidence of grassroots party and government. Which is mainly due to various conflicts of interest in rural society and rural cadres misconduct. Especially in recent years, relatively slow increase of farmers, and has increased the burden on farmers, rural government, and township cadres of revenue the wages and welfare benefits are directly dependent on the farmers of the taxes, while village-level organizations in the country and agency Township to receive the task often turned aside rural society will in turmoil [17]. (3) Farmers have to expand the risk of illegal participation. In recent years, farmers through bribery, threats of violence and intimidation and other means to influence decisions or village elections and village cadres events have occurred. In particular, in some places, evil forces invade the village government, there has been the Village wicked, troll village tyrants arrogance arrogance, disrupted the normal order of production and life, property and lives of farmers rights and interests are great and threats against democracy and the legal system was a merciless trampling. (4) family organizations in the village by the phenomenon of rural public services has increased. In a long historical period, the family influence as a free order of rural society, has been supporting the state power, the family constitutes an appearance shape of Chinese society. However,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], since the transition to China, the stability of the family influence was the impact, especially with the rural communities and communes to carry out collectivization, the gradual disintegration of clan organization, the family suffered from the unprecedented repression forces. But with the deepening of rural reform, the state of politics in rural areas has weakened the control of high-pressure, family influence as a self-contained with full historical and cultural core of the order to a certain degree of recovery. The revival of clan organization and became the subject of political participation in rural areas, on the one hand for the current lack of a sense of community farmers provide spiritual and financial security relies on the stability of social order has a certain significance; other hand, some lineages through manipulation or control the violent destruction of the village elections to grassroots organizations in rural areas, undermining the basic principles of democracy. How to solve the current problems in public participation of farmers, the current policy of sexual orientation is more complicated. In general, for illegal participation in such order directly endanger the stability and development of social behavior, have held a negative attitude that must be firm and effective blow. In fact, the evil forces of the intrusion of roots level, has attracted great attention at all levels of party and government. Many local party and government with the state of the Underworld in the struggle, the dictatorship of the machine used by the village to those who control the swelling of the liver to the village of Pa focused combat and remediation, has achieved remarkable results. The farmers on how to look at the trend of institutional participation, address and the clan of farmers involved in non-system issues such as differences of opinion in the larger. Of which there are two main points: (1) expand the institutional participation of villagers, village norms of non-institutional participation, limited participation of the Patriarchal, the village self-government to the township or county of direct democracy promotion. The reason is that the villagers of village autonomy is actually the full participation of village community affairs, and its success proved that Chinese farmers can manage their own affairs. Villagers formed a democratic way of passing through the system to keep the top progressive Villagers should be provided in accordance with the experience of public participation, the county, the mayor's direct competitive elections [19], which ultimately affect the delivery of national democracy. For non-institutional participation of farmers to carry out specific analysis, in particular the interests of farmers from the expression and protection to the specification. In order for farmers to express and protect their own interests, needs outside of formal organizations in the country to establish a political organization of farmers, farmer interest groups should be established, [20] in which the resumption of political farmers associations are a reasonable choice [21]. As for the clan of participation to give a certain space, and guide its direction to the interest groups. (2) restricted participation of villagers and clan system of non-participation while minimizing the system of public participation of villagers. The reason is that the non-system involvement with the villagers? 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But also to any public participation is a cost, if the rural community to increase public areas and public affairs, in order to increase the village's public participation, the cost burden basically need for the villagers, and farmers fight to safeguard the public from the cost of power, but also need to expand public authorities, such the formation of a vicious circle. Therefore, in the present rural economy can not provide more economic surplus situation, or minimize the public domain and public affairs, public participation in reducing the villagers to save the operating costs of public power. Public participation has always been an important criterion for evaluating political modernization. But not all can promote public participation in the historical process of social modernization. Thus, the modern state, on the one hand and opening up the political arena, through public participation to address social development issues, to meet the basic needs of democracy; the other hand, in the form of public participation and the extent to appropriate restrictions to ensure that social order is stable state. Particularly in the public participation of farmers, in consideration of the interests of rural resources and the authority of the structure characteristics and the overall quality of the farmers, the farmers of the community of the general public in political participation and national levels to distinguish. For the peasant communities of the scope and extent of public participation, public goods to rural communities based on demand and supply; for national-level political participation, empowers the farmers to citizenship, the development of democracy in accordance with national needs, to determine the political participation of farmers depth and breadth. Thus, as the process of China's rural market development and deepening of rural reform, the township will be in the form of organization and functions of the grassroots political organizations by the national organization to community self-government changes, the scope of rural community-based services will be expanded, while the National political level will increase to county government. In order to social stability in rural areas, strengthen the legal authority to regulate people's behavior has become inevitable. This will determine the public participation of rural community development of basic trends: (1) community-based participation of farmers will increase political participation and national level will be reduced; (2) non-institutional participation will be limited and norms, but to institutionalize a political organization to the interests of farmers will not be realized, it is possible option is to create a new rural cooperative economic organizations to advocate and protect the interests of farmers; (3) all kinds of illegal participation, clan organizations involved in social causes because of their complex will continue to exist, but are subject to different levels of combat and suppression. 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